It’s been six years since scientists confirmed the existence of a long-theorized particle called the Higgs boson, finally providing an explanation for how other particles acquire mass.

Conditions on Earth make it extremely difficult to detect this mysterious particle, which is why discovering it took the world’s single largest machine — the Large Hadron Collider at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) — and thousands of scientists from more than 100 countries.

Eager for more answers about the deep hidden structure of nature, physicists at CERN have been searching nonstop for further clues about the Higgs boson and how it interacts with other particles.

Years of data and trillions of high-energy particle collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) later, victory was reached once again this month with a discovery that links the Higgs boson and the top quark — an interaction that Brian Winer, professor and chair of the Department of Physics, has been searching for since before the Higgs was proven to exist.

Winer and several other Ohio State researchers played a principal role in the search for this remarkably rare event through their collaboration on the CMS experiment at the LHC, which published the new results on June 4 in the journal Physical Review Letters.

“The top quark is the heaviest of all the quarks, and because the Higgs boson gives mass to other fundamental particles, the theory predicts it should interact quite strongly with the top quark,” Winer explained.

To test this connection, scientists looked for evidence of a unique case in which the Higgs boson is produced along with a top quark and an antitop quark in the same collision (called ttH production).

“Of all the Higgs bosons that are produced, only 1 percent are produced in this way,” said Tony Lefeld, a PhD candidate in the Department of Physics who was part of Winer’s CMS research group. “We have to collide things billions or trillions of times just to get a few collisions that generate this combination.”

And the rapidly decaying nature of these particles means that ttH production can’t actually be observed — it must be measured by working backward through a complicated chain reaction. On top of that, many other kinds of collisions produce similar end results.

“There are many other types of processes that can occur that might fool us into thinking that they’re ttH,” said Winer, adding that he and his team used machine learning techniques to help them sift through the colossal data sets.

Their results — supplemented by CERN’s ATLAS experiment and the work of thousands of physicists across the globe — provide enough evidence to verify the interaction between the Higgs and the top quark.

To determine how strong the interaction is — and if it fits into the overarching theory of fundamental particles called the Standard Model — “we have to measure a lot more of these and get a better idea of how frequently they happen,” Lefeld said.

“If we make a detailed measurement and it doesn’t come out quite right, that could be an indication of some new particle that’s coming into play that we didn’t anticipate,” Winer said.

Both the CMS and ATLAS experiments will continue collecting data until the end of the year, when they shut down for upgrades. Regardless of whether new findings are made in that time, this latest advance is a great step forward in decoding the behavior of the elusive Higgs boson.

“There are a lot of questions that the Standard Model can’t answer, like dark matter and dark energy,” Lefeld said. “There is new physics out there just waiting to be discovered.”

Ohio State professors Stan Durkin, Chris Hill and Richard Hughes; postdocs Wuming Luo and Darren Puigh; and graduate students Sean Flowers and Geoff Smith also contributed to this research and the CMS experiment. Ohio State’s Antonio Boveia; K.K. Gan; and Harris Kagan contributed to the ATLAS experiment.

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